For the few foreign tourists who stop in Bangladesh, the colour and vitality of the country’s rickshaws are one of the main attractions.  The appeal of taking a ride amongst the bustling streets of Dhaka, flamboyantly regaled in bright pinks, yellows and greens, matches desires to see the Sundarbans or the tea estates of Sylhet.

The bright-coloured rickshaw is a cultural icon. Photo by JH

The wheels that keep the poor moving

Yet all these attitudes neglect the real value of rickshaws as a cultural, economic and social institution, and misunderstand the concepts of exploitation and abuse. Rickshaws are crucial to Bangladesh’s development, a source of income to millions of people. Their pullers should be respected and admired, not vilified, abused and dismissed. [A follow-up essay offers a proposal to lift them out of poverty. Read it here.]

There are two million people employed as rickshaw pullers across Bangladesh, with Dhaka containing 27 percent of all rickshaws in the country, at around 400,000. 12 million people depend indirectly on the rickshaw pulling trade for their livelihoods. 20 percent of the population of Dhaka rely on rickshaws: together the pullers in the capital earn two billion Taka a month.

Rickshaws are a vital piece of the economic fabric of the poor.  They are the only form of transport that many of the poorest can afford, and hence they are significant in ensuring that the informal economy continues to function. But they also serve richer citizens and maintain the circulation of labour in the formal economy too. In more rural locations and the tight roads of the slums, they are the only feasible transport. They continue plying even during moderate floods.

Usage figures reflect all this. 53 percent of journeys in Dhaka are made on a rickshaw. This is seven million journeys, covering 29 million kilometres every day. This is twice the total distance covered daily by the London Underground network. They carry more passenger per vehicle, using road space half that of a car. They leave behind no emissions. .

The campaign against rickshaws

Campaigners against rickshaws overlook the economic, social, and environmental benefits, and put forth two main lines of argument.

The first is that they cause traffic congestion . It is typical of the middle and upper classes around the world to blame negative urban conditions on the poor, who have no voice or platform to defend themselves. The reality is different: clearing rickshaws from the roads will simply result in buses replacing rickshaws to provide the small cheap journeys around town. Pollution will  worsen quickly, and millions would see their livelihoods severely affected. There can be no justification on congestion grounds to remove rickshaws: cars carrying one or two people are the predominant cause of these problems, driven and owned by the wealthy and powerful.

The second argument is that the act of pulling another person on a rickshaw is exploitative. This has been mobilised in Kolkata already to remove hand-pulled rickshaws from that city. While pulling rickshaws by hand is gruelling, cycle rickshaws are better. Most humans must labour in some way, and there is pride in doing honest work to earn a living. Rickshaw pullers work very hard, but they are working to provide for themselves and their families, and they should be supported.

The real bases of exploitation

This argument is driven by the immediacy of the relationship between the puller and the pulled: no one advocates that the bus driver or aeroplane pilot is also been exploited. The overriding reason is the energy that the puller must exert to move the passengers’ weight. Yet this is not an exploitative relationship per se. Campaigns that promote the idea of rickshaws as exploitative highlight only one aspect of the work, confusing the moral questions of labour type with the economic conditions of the labour process.

Motorcycles break down but the trusty rickshaw keeps plying. Photo by JH

The way that users treat rickshaw pullers, the fares that can be charged, the housing that pullers have, the costs of rickshaw rents, their relationship with the police, the attitude of policy makers –- these, and not the act of pulling, are the conduits through which exploitation takes place. Combined, these have had the effect to prescribe rickshaw pulling as a low-status, ill-respected activity that must be replaced by other means, and one from which pullers seek to ‘escape’ as soon as possible.

Yet how many readers of this article have actually tried to pull a rickshaw, to negotiate the chaotic traffic of Dhaka, or suck up the black fumes of bus exhausts, to haggle with every passenger for a few more Taka and then carrying them safely and swiftly to their destination? Pulling a rickshaw is a profession that must be respected. Those that pull us about the city are a crucial part of the Bangladeshi economy, a community of hardworking men providing for their families and a bright cultural icon of the country. The spurious arguments that undermine the status of the pullers and the importance of the job must stop. The effort instead needs to be on devising ways to reward their work justly, recognising their cultural and economic role, and the value of their honest, hard labour. These everyday heroes have the right to work and to drive with dignity.

About the author

Editor's Note: This article is the first of a series of two articles on the importance of rickshaws, the need to put policy focus on rickshaw-pullers as an extremely marginalized group, and ways to improve their socio-economic condition and dignity. An earlier version of this essay, titled "Driving with Dignity," appeared in The New Age, 4 June 2007. Read the other article: Pulling Rickshaws Out of Poverty.

Comments (4)

	1. 07-08-2007 13:50
	Excellent article, but easier said than done. there's also the push-cart (thela gari) people who are probably more marginalized so they need to be included too Guest

Gourav

	2. 08-08-2007 09:32
	I fully agree with the author's analysis of the real bases of exploitation. Growing up in Dhaka, I had to use rickshaws to go everywhere. But haggling (and sometimes not in a nice way) was part of the culture, making sure that the Rickshaw-wallahs get paid the least. One way to lower the exploitation would be to extend very low-interest or 0 interest (not the huge Grameen interest rate) micro-credit to rickshaw pullers so that they own their vehicles. Most pullers don't own their rickshaws and end up surrendering most of their income to "mohajon"s, keeping them assigned to the lowest income group forever.     In any case, thank you for publicizing this. Guest

Maf Koira Den

	3. 13-08-2007 10:15
	Has there been other efforts at mobilizing rickshapullers? Also there has been some talk I think before about upgrading rickshaws to gears and easier to pull. That should be included becaue that mean they'll have better health Guest

Karim

	4. 13-08-2007 20:49
	sorry but this sounds like liberal lament to me. what bd needs is taking rickshaws out and modernizing transport and giving alternative employment and education to RWs, not cry about their plight Guest

PeterBig

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